Single & Suffering

Single and Suffering

 NIRJANA SHARMA

When she was thirty years old, the people in her community said she wasn’t beautiful enough to attract men and receive marriage proposals and perhaps would have to remain unmarried. They proved to be right.

“It may sound odd now but there was a time when families would be charged with selling the girl if they approached a boy’s family with a marriage proposal,” says Reshma Maharjan, 40, a resident of Chapagaun, explaining that only a boy’s family could send out marriage requests to the girl’s family and the opposite was considered almost immoral.

Even until a few decades ago, girls from Newar families would remain unmarried if proposals for them weren’t received. According to Laxmi Shova Shakya, a sociologist who has carried out a special study on unmarried women in the Newar community, arranged marriages were difficult, if not impossible, for girls if they didn’t receive any proposals from the boys’ side. 

This was precisely why Reshma didn’t get married. She simply didn’t receive a marriage proposal and her family didn’t look for a groom either because the tradition was such. However, Reshma isn’t the only one who has had to suffer due to such social prejudices. There are many single, old or middle-aged women like her in the Newar community in the Kathmandu Valley, more so in Lalitpur, who live isolated lives in their families.

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A study on the socioeconomic status of women conducted two years ago by SNV, Nepal revealed that 30 percent women in the Newar communities of 22 administrative wards of Patan were unmarried middle-aged women. The research found the single women are widows (54%), unmarried (30%), divorced (5%), and abandoned (11%). As a result, single women are found in every alternate house in the Patan area.

However, women are often single not by choice but by compulsion or custom. Reshma too had dreams of getting married and having her own family someday. Her mother filled her head with thoughts of marriage and a husband to share her life with. But her dreams were shattered as she grew up and nobody approached her family asking for her hand in marriage.

“Even if a man was 50 years old, he would always be scouring for a teenage bride,” she says, shaking her head at the incredulity of it all, more especially for a custom that didn’t allow a girl’s family to look for and choose a groom for their daughters.

The women who were victims of prejudices decades ago are facing problems today. Culture expert Uttam Kumar Joshi says that the custom was so readily accepted back in those days that no one even questioned it at the slightest, let alone think about breaking the norm.

Currently, Reshma lives and takes care of the nine members of her brother’s family. But it’s a family she can’t call her own. She always worries about having no one to take care of her when she’s old.

“My brothers have their own families and they have no obligation whatsoever to take care of me,” she says, adding that this thought plagues her mind and is perhaps the only regret she has of not being married.

According to sociologist Shakya, unmarried women are more often than not involved in household activities and give continuity to the family business when their brothers are young, but their livelihood becomes uncertain as they grow older.

Shakya tells the story of Shaila, a 46-year-old single woman of Patan who spent her life to bringing up her two brothers after their father’s death when she was just seven years old. She also handled the family business. But today, the new members of her brother’s family take her presence as intrusion and she is often ignored and left out.

“In most of the cases, women living with their brothers’ families after their parents’ death are taken as a burden and treated as unpaid slaves,” says Shakya.

According to sociologists, there are more unmarried middle-aged or old women in Newar communities as compared to other communities. But not all cases can be attributed to the custom of their families not looking for grooms when they were young. An inclination towards Buddhist convent as nuns is also another reason.

Manahara Tuladhar, 49, and a resident of Nardevi in Kathmandu is single and lives with her mother. She resisted family pressure and decided not to get married but the decision came with repercussions she never imagined. Her family doesn’t allow her to make any decisions on her own and people in her community talk behind her back.

Even educated women who choose to remain single are at the receiving end of verbal abuse in their respective communities. According to Shakya, these women are even and often termed as prostitutes.

The situation is not likely to change unless women are more aware of their rights. Advocate Meera Dhungana is of the opinion that many women in these communities are still suppressed by their own people, and even such women don’t want to share their stories due to the fear of causing further embarrassment to their families.

“Many women don’t know that they can claim their share in the parental property and continue to live a life of meek submission,” says Dhungana.

However, the new generation does not accept this tradition, and as a result, many Newar communities have seen significant reforms over the years, But the women who were victims of this custom continue to bear the brunt of it.

Reshma has started learning to read and write. She can now write her name, albeit with some difficulty, but this small feat gives her a sense of self-respect and identity, an individuality she had lost but is now slowly trying to regain.

nirjanasharma@gmail.com

(This article was published in Republica Daily on June 6, 2014, Friday)

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मतदाता नामावली दर्तापछि मात्र निर्वाचन

ललितपुरको दुर्गम तथा सुगम गाउँमा हालै मतदाता नामावलीमा दर्ताबारे सूचना अभियान अन्तर्गत आधारभूत सर्वेक्षणका क्रममा सीमान्तकृत वर्गकहाँ पुग्ने अवसर मिलेको थियो । यस क्रममा अधिकांश उत्तरदाताको आक्रोश खेप्नुप¥यो । लामाटारकी एक दलित अधवैंसे महिलाले त आफ्नो घरको पिंढीमा समेत बस्नै दिइनन् र रिसाउँदै भनिन् – “हामीलाई भोक लागेको छ, कसले खान दिन्छ ? यस्तो बेला तिमीहरू नेताको, चुनाउको कुरा गर्न आउने ?” एकजना वृद्धाले भनिन् “यहाँ भगवान्का कुरा लिएर आउँछौ भने आउ, नेता र चुनाउका कुरा लिएर नआउ” भन्दै फनक्क फर्किइन् ।

स्थानीय दलित, गरिब, महिला, वृद्धवृद्धामध्ये अधिकांशले आक्रोश पोखे । गत चुनाउमा घरीघरी आएर नमस्ते गर्न आउने नेतालाई भोट दिएर जिताइयो तर जितेर गएको ६ महिना बित्दा पनि गाउँ फर्केर आएको देखिएन । सभासद् गाउलेको दुःख सुन्न नआएकोमा उनीहरूको चित्त दुखेको रहेछ । एक जना अधवैंसे पुरुष झन साह्रो रिसाएका थिए, कारण सोध्दा उनले भने जिताएका नेतालाई भेट्न जाँदा “तपाईंलाई चिनिन” भन्यो ।

कतिपय नाम दर्ता पनि नगर्ने र भोट पनि नहाल्ने पक्षमा थिए । उनीहरू फटाहा नेताहरूलाई किन भोट हाल्ने भनिरहेका थिए । भारतमा सकिएको चुनाउ र विकल्प छान्ने सुविधाबारेमा कुरा उठाएपछि प्रायजसोमा आशा पलाएको पाइयो । हो, सर्वसाधारण जनताले आफ्नो विचार तथा इच्छा पोख्ने अधिकार पाउनै पर्छ नत्र मतदानमा मात्र भाग नलिने हो भने त्यसको के अर्थ रह्यो र ? अर्को कुरा के को कारणले भोट नखसालेको हो त्यो पनि थाहा हुँदैन । यसमा बौद्धिक वर्ग पनि छन् । उनीहरूको माग हो नेपालमा पनि नो भोटको प्रावधान हुनै पर्छ । तर यसको लागि पनि पहिला त आफ्नो नाम मतदाताको सूचिमा दर्ता गराउनु जरुरी छ ।

गत मंसिरको चुनाउमा नागरिकता लिएर भोट खसाल्न जानेहरूलाई भने अब टोली आउँदा फोटो सहितको नाम दर्ता गर्नु पर्ने रहेछ भन्ने चेतना आएको छ । तर करिव ९८ प्रतिशत उत्तरदातालाई नाम दर्ता प्रकृया खुलेको वारे जानकारी नभएको र कहाँ कसरी के के लिएर जानुपर्छ भन्ने कुरामा ज्ञान नभएको पाइयो । अझ विकट ठाउँमा ज्याला मजदुरी गरी खानुपर्ने वर्गकालाई त टोली छिट्टै आफ्नै गाउँ ठाउँमा आइदिए हुन्थ्यो भन्ने रहेछ ।

ललितपुरकै कुरा गर्ने हो भने एक दिन लाग्छ निर्वाचन अफिस पुग्न । अनि काम भ्याउने र आतेजाते खर्चको अलग्गै हिसाब राख्दा धेरै खर्चिलो हुने रहेछ । त्यसैले यो पंक्तिकारलाई के लाग्यो भने चार जिल्ला (क्षेत्र)मा असार ८ गते हुने उप–निर्वाचन तथा आउँदो थानीय चुनाउ आउनु अगाडि नेताहरू र निर्वाचन कार्यालयले यस विषयमा समयमै कदम चाल्नु पर्ने देखिन्छ । जनतामा यति साह्रो वितृष्णा जाग्नुको कारण राजनैतिक दलका नेताहरूले गम्भिर रुपमा मनन गर्नु पर्छ ।

धेरैलाई राष्ट्रिय चुनाव भन्दा स्थानीय चुनाव महत्वपूर्ण लागेको छ । उनीहरूको भनाइ छ – स्थानीय निर्वाचित व्यक्ति नहुँदा गाविस तथा वडाहरूमा लापर्वाही भैरहेको छ साथै बाहिरबाट गएकाहरूमा अपनत्वको भावना कम हुने रहेछ । यसैले पनि स्थानीय चुनाउ महत्वपूर्ण हुन्छ । स्थानीय र राष्ट्रिय निर्वाचनको आवश्यकता र महत्व समय अनुसार हुन्छ नै, तर अहिलेको महत्वपूर्ण पक्ष भनेको सबै मतदाताले आफ्नो नाम मतदाता नामावलिमा दर्ता गर्नु प¥यो ।

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(यो लेख अन्नपूर्ण पोष्ट दैनिक २०७१-०२-२६ सोमवारमा छापिएको हो)

Story : When I was puzzled

बाखँचा

जि ज्यो जूबले

जि थौं तस्सकं म्हाइपु गन वने गन वने जुया वल । थुबले हे लाक लुमंसेवल चन्दाचा । गुलिदत नाप मलागु, छुं खबर तक नं मदु । उली तापाम्ह नं जा मखु । अथेसां नापलाय्गु ह्वःता चुमलाना च्वंगु । फोन याय्ला जि वय् धका ? तर मखु, आसे, वयात ला यक्वो लिपा थौं सरप्राइज हे ब्यू वनेका जिं । तुरुन्त वसः पुना स्वस्यें वयाथाय् स्वया वना । मने अनेतने खँ वायेका वना – नाप लाइला मलाइला, नाप मलाना थःहे सरप्राइज्ड जकं जुइला, ल्ह्वनला गंसि जुया च्वनला, मस्तनं म्हपूm हे मखा ज्वी । आकाझाकां परमेश्वर तकं लुमंके वल नाप लाय्मा धका फ्वनेत । हानं मती वल, वं जित छु धाइ ज्वी थौं खनी बले । स्कूलंनिसें नापं ब्वनाम्ह चन्दाचा । निम्हसिया छपाहे तुती, ला व लुसी थें जुया नं आ इहिपा लिपा गुलि तापाना वन । मती खँ वाय्कुं वाय्कुं वयाथाय् थ्यंगु हे मचा ।

वया छेँय् थ्यंका तालं ग्वयातःगु मखनेवं जिगु नुगः कुच्छी थाहां वल । तर व दइला मदइला । घण्टी न्याय्का नं मत मदु खनी । अनायाश चन्दा धका सःते वल जित । वं नं सःते सिमधनी “अय् बेमान, स्वः गुलि लिपा आपुलुखं खने दय्क वःगु” धका झ्यालं दुपिसातं छस्वां कुने थ्यंका पाच्यूवल । निम्हं तस्सकं लयताल । “बेमान, खबर छक याय् म्वाःला जा नय्गु याना वय्त्यना धका ?” धाल । जि न्हिला जक च्वना । अले धया “छंगु ख्वाः स्वय् हथाय् चाःगुलिं तिंन्हुया वयाका” ।

निम्हं तले भुतुली थहां वना । वया मस्त निम्हं, छम्ह अमेरिका व मेम्ह अष्ट्रेलिया वने धुंकल खनी । निम्हत्यपुया जा भतिचा गाइमखु धका मेगु देछुत । जिपिं गफ याना हे च्वना । वया मस्तय् बारे उप्पो खँ ल्हाना च्वन । माँ–बौपिनि थःस्वयां मस्तय् उपो च्यूता जुयाच्वनी ।

जा ताना हल । स्वम्हं नापं जानय्त फय्तुना । जित पाउँसे अचारया बास वःगु ताल । व बासं हे जि जा कुहां वन । तर चन्दाचां जित अचार तया मब्यू । वया लोमन ज्वीका धका मती । वया भातम्ह न्ह्योने दुगुलिं अचार तिं धाय्नं मछाल । सुंक नय् सिधय्का । हानं घौछी गफ याना नं खँल्हाये लुमधं जिमित । अथेसां वयात – आ मस्त नं पिहां वने धुंकुगुलिं फुर्सद दै, यकनं हे जिथाय् जा नय्गु याना वा अले च्वना गफ याय् धका जि कुहां वया । चन्दाचां जित कुनेतक्क तःवल न्हापाया हे चालां । लुखाय् थ्यंका वं मछामछा धाल, “थन फोहर वाँछ्वइगु याःगुलिं तस्सकं हे दुःख जुल । आ झन तांन्वया वःगुलिं पाउँक नवः” । जि झस्स लुमन न्हाच जा नयाबले वया अचार तय् लोमंकल धका अचारया वास कया जा नया च्वनागुला व फोहरया द्वँ पाउँक नवगु खनीका धका सिसातं जिला ज्यो जुल ।

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गुजिबहाः, यल

२०७०-१२-१७

(थ्वः बाखँचा मन्तुना मिसा खलः, यलया ग्वसालय् जूगु “मिसा साहित्य गोष्ठी” २०७०-१२-२९ शनिवाःस प्रस्तुत यानागु खः)

Let's Start Campaign Against the Winter

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x/]s ;fn em}+ of] ;fnsf] hf8f]n] klg lgi7"/L ag]/ dfG5] dfg]{ sfddf nfu]sf] va/ 5fKg ldl8of klg afWo ePsf 5g\ . o:tf] hf8f] clg zLtnx/n] ;a}eGbf l56f] / a9L ul/a, a[4, lj/fdL tyf afnaflnsfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ /x]5 . ut d+l;/sf] t];|f] ;ftf ;Kt/L a}l/of 6f]nsf dfntL dl/sn] lr;}sf sf/0f csfndf d[To'j/0f u/]kl5 pgsf] afnaRrfsf] larNnL t Psflt/ 5Fb}5 To;dfly pgsf] sfhlqmof ug{ pgsf ;;'/fnfO{ cem tL; xhf/ ?k}of C0fsf] af]em ;d]t p7fpg' kg]{ agfof] . To;kl5 klg o;kflnsf] hf8f]sf] ;'?jft;Fu} km]/L c? g]kfnLn] klg Hofg u'dfO;s]sf 5g\ .

hf8f]sf] cj:yfdf t/fO{sf lhNnfdf tyf ljkGg kl/jf/df a9L ;d:of / b'3{6gf x'G5 . ;a}n] cf–cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 clnslt ;+j]bgzLn ag]/ ;f]rLlbg] xf] eg] klg s]xL xb;Dd o:tf b'3{6gf Go"lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 ls < To;}n] ;a}n] cfkm\gf] 3/sf] b/fh / ;'6s]z vf]tn]/ Ps;/f] ;kmf ug]{ cleofg rnfpg cfjZos ePsf] dx;'; eof] . xfdL ;a}n] 3/–3/df ylGsP/ t/ nufpg ldNg] cj:yfsf n'uf hDdf u/L t/fO{sf, ufpFsf ul/a tyf clt lakGg al:tdf afF8\g] cleofgnfO{ cem ;lqmotfsf ;fy a9fpg] xf] eg] lr;f]sf] sf/0f csfndf Hofg u'dfpg]sf ;+Vofdf cjZo klg sdL cfpg] lyof] . x'gt ljleGg ;+:yf tyf JolQm n'uf ;+sng tyf ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{df nfu]sf 5g\ t/ of] kof{Kt 5}g . t/fO{sf ufpFlt/ a9L dlxgf udL{ ;do /xg] ePsf] x'gfn] ljkGg kl/jf/df Gofgf] n'ufsf] hf]xf] x'Fb}g . ha zLtnx/ z'?x'G5 clg s7\of+lu|g], cfuf]n] kf]Ng], lg;fl:fP/ dg]{, lj/fdL x'g], csfndf Hofg u'dfpg' kg]{ cflb b'vb\ 36gf a9\g yfN5g\ .

of] cleofgsf] csf]{ kmfObf o;/L ;d'bfodf Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 eg] o;n] xfdLnfO{ dfgjtf tkm{ pGd'v u/fpF5 . ;dfhsf h'g;'s} wd{df cf:yf /fVg] jf hfltsf kl/jf/ jf JolQm lsg gxf];\ hf8f]df Gofgf] n'ufsf] sdL x'g] lalQSs} lr;f]n] cfqmd0f ug]{ k|s[ltsf] lgod xf] . To;}n] xfdL ;a} ldn]/, x'g]n] gx'g]nfO{ ;xof]u u/f}+ ljgf s'g} b'3{6gf hf8f]nfO{ ljbf u/f}+ . o:tf z'esfo{ tyf k'0osfo{df l9nfO gu/f}+ n .

zf]ef zfSo

-of] n]v cGgk"0f{ kf]i6 b}lgsdf @)&) k'if !( ut] z'qmjf/ k|sflzt ePsf] xf] ._ 

Election Experience 2013

Rf'gfp ko{j]If0fsf cg'ej

;+ljwfg ;ef r'gfp efu – @ ev{/} ;lsPsf] 5 t/ r'gfp ko{j]If0fsf] cg'ej / :d/0f eg] nfdf] ;do;Dd} tfhf /xnf h:tf] 5 . Df+l;/ $ sf] laxfg ;a]/} lr;f] vfFb} s't'xntfsf ;fy dtbfg :yn k'luof] .

l8o" g]kfnsf ^! lhNnf dWo] nlntk'/df dfq} (& :yL/ tyf 3'DtL ko{j]Ifs v6\g] k"j{of]hgfcg'?k xfdL ;a} cf–cfkm\gf] tf]lsPsf] dtbfg :yndf k'u]sf lyof}+ . Dftbfg clws[t nufot sd{rf/Lsf 6f]nL hf]; / hfFu/sf ;fy cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{df nfu]sf lyP . lbge/Lsf] dtbfgsf] k"0f{ k|lsofsf] ko{j]If0f u/L ToxfF zfGtL, lgikIftf tyf wfFwnL/lxt jftfj/0f ;[hgf x'g lbg] x]t'n] k"0f{?kdf pT;flxt lyof}+ .

æs'08s'08 kfgL, d'08d'08 a'l4Æ eGg] egfO{ To; lbg cg'ej ug{ kfOof] . km/s km/s s]Gb|df dtbfg clws[t tyf ;'/IffsdL{sf] km/s km/s Jojxf/ kfOof] . k|foM h;f] s]Gb|df dtbfg clws[t tyf sd{rf/L ko{j]Ifs k|lt ;xh /x] . s'g} :yfgdf zfob gofF r'gfp clws[t ePsfn] xf] jf To;a]nfsf] c;xh jftfj/0fn] ubf{ xf] ko{j]IfsnfO{ l5g}{ lbOPg .

ko{j]Ifs b]Vg] ljlQs} ;xh?kdf k|:t't eO{ slx+ t a:gsf nflu s'l;{ / lrofsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/lbP . :yL/ ko{j]Ifs lbge/Lsf] r'gfp k|s[ofnfO{ uxg ?kdf cWoog ug'{ kg]{ lhDd]jf/L af]s]sf x'gfn] ToxL Pp6} dtbfg :ynleq s]Gb|Lt eP/ ToxfFsf km/s km/s s]Gb|df a;L ko{j]If0f ug'{ kg]{ xf] . t/ o:tf s]xL ko{j]IfsnfO{ ;d:of cfPsf] kfOof] . x'gt cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] tTYof+s lnO;s]kl5 cnUu} a;]/ lgl/If0f dfq ug]{ xf] . t/ klg sltko :yfgdf laxfgsf] dtbfg z'? ePsf] l/kf]l6{Ë ug{ gkfpg] u/L k|j]zdf /f]s nufO{of] pbfx/0fsf nflu s'k08f]n / le~5]axfnsf ko{j]Ifsx¿n] dtbfgsf] z'?jftsf] l/kf]{l6Ëaf6 al~rt x'g' k¥of] . ljb]zL ko{j]Ifs ;d]t l/;fP/ hfg' kg]{ cj:yf cfof] . ko{j]Ifs w]/} ePsf] l:yltdf klg pgLx¿nfO{ kfn}kfnf] cfkm\gf] sfd ug{ lb+bf klg x'GYof] . s'g} s]Gb|sf dtbfg clws[tn] laxfgsf] ko{j]If0f ug{ lbP t/ kl5 æko{j]Ifs eg]sf] Psl5g cfpg], x]g]{, clg kms{g] xf] . o;/L lbge/L Ps} 7fpFdf a:5g\ < o;sf] nflu kq vf]O{ <Æ cflb c;xh s'/f ToxfFsf clws[tn] p7fP . s'g} 7fpFdf t ko{j]Ifs % ldg]6 eGbf al9 a:g ldNb}g eGb} :yL/ ko{j]IfsnfO{ lbge/L %÷% ldg]6sf]nflu leqaflx/ ug{ afWo u/fP . s'g} :yfgdf ;'/IffsdL{n] g} xKsLbKsL ub}{ ko{j]IfsnfO{ rflxg] ;"rgf ;+sngaf6 al~rt u/fP .

!) – !% ldg]6 ;// 3'Db}df dtbfg s]Gb|sf] l:yltsf] k"/f hfgsf/L cfpFb}g, To;}n] klg a9L ;+Vofdf :yL/ ko{j]Ifssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . s'g} klg s]Gb|df ko{j]Ifssf] pkl:ylt x'Fbf ToxfF zflGtk"0f{ tyf wfFwnL/lxt jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{df 6]jf k'Ug] x'G5 . o;n] lgjf{rg cfof]u nufot ToxfFaf6 v6fO{Psf sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ug{ ;xhtf ldNg]df s'g} z+sf 5}g . t/ klg vl6Psf sd{rf/Ln] ko{j]Ifssf] pkl:yltnfO{ s;/L lnP eGg]df k|Zg p7\5 .

Kfo{j]IfsnfO{ g} x]g]{ xf] eg]klg lbpF;f]df w]/} rxnkxn b]lvof] . ;lhn} ufl8 hfg] :yndf t dtbftf eGbf ko{j]Ifs tyf ldl8of w]/} b]lvof] . uf8L gk'Ug], uNnL leqsf s'gflt/ g 3'DtL ko{j]Ifs k'u] g ldl8ofsf] g} cfFvf k'Uof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf kl5 cfpg] r'gfpdf ko{j]Ifs ;+:yfx¿n] lhNnfsf s'g} klg :yn g5'6\g] u/L ;xof]hgfdf :yL/ ko{j]Ifs v6fpg kfPdf cem /fd|f] xf]nf .

csf]{ gdL7f] cg'ej, dtbftfdf s;/L dtbfg ug]{ eGg] k"j{ hfgsf/Lsf] sdL . slt dtbftfn] b'O{j6f 5fk nfpg' k5{ eGb} z'?s} dtkqdf b'O{j6f 5fk xflnlbP . s;}n] kl5Nnf] dtkq k|of]u g} gu/L lx+8] . lzlIft dtbftfn] klg aflx/ c?n] b]Vg] u/L k6\ofpg], s;/L 5fk nfpg] egL ;f]Wg] u/] . clxn] e}/x]sf] dtu0fgfdf a:bf eg] dtbftf lzIffsf] w]/} sdL /x]sf] dgdf v6\sL /x\of] .

klxnf klxnf eP t Pp6f kf6L{ / csf]{ kf6L{ k|ltlglwaLr r'gfjsf lbg a"+ydf af]nrfn} gx'g] x'GYof] . t/ o;kfnL To:tf] ePg . kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] gfdfjnLn] ubf{ kf6L{ k|ltlglwaLr lsrnf] ug'{kg]{ cj:yf cfPg eg] ef]6 v;fNg nfOg a:g]nfO{ klg w]/} ;lhnf] eof] . a9Ldf cfwf 306fdf ef]6 xfNg ;lsg] cj:yf o;kfln b]lvof] . w]/}h;f] s]Gb|df lbpF;f]df t nfOg g} a:g' k/]g . o:tf] ;xhtfn] dtbftfsf] xf};nf a9fPsf] 5 .

nlntk'/df lqmofk'qL tyf ;'Ts]/Ln] ;d]t dtbfg u/] eg] Pshgf ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ l56f] l56f] ef]6xfNg nufO{ PDa'n]G;af6 l;w} c:ktfn ;d]t nluof] . sltkon]] kmf]6f] lvrfpg 5'6]sf]df lrQ b'vfP . kf6gsf Ps a[4fn] cfkm\gf] gful/stf lnP/ hfFbf klg dtbftf ;"lrdf gfd 5}g eg]/ ef]6xfNg glbPsf]df b'MvL x'Fb} 5f]/fx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ kmf]6f];lxtsf] gfdfjnLdf btf{ gu/fPsf]n] d g]kfnsf] gful/s h:tf] eOg eGb} r'gfpsf] ef]lnkN6;Dd ?Fb} lyOg\ .

oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ /fd|/L lgofNg] xf] eg] csf]{ r'gfpsfnflu w]/} tof/L tyf ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ dx;'''; x'G5 .

zf]ef zfSo

shakya_shova1@hotmail.com

-n]vs l8o"–g]kfn, nlntk'/;Fu cfa4 l5g\_

of] n]v cGgk"0f{ kf]i6 b}lgsdf @)&)÷*÷!) ;f]djf/ -@)!# gf]j]Da/ @%_ df k|sflzt ePsf] xf] .

Socio-Economic Condition of Newar Single Women of Patan

Women were much respected figure in ancient times. With the change of human life style,
women's status also getting worse. It is a global problem. There are many problems for
women like slave, sati system, discrimination on wage, voting rights, different types of
violence outside and inside the house, etc. Against this, there were many movements,
demonstrations occurred in the world though women's situation is still not good. There is
March 8 to celebrate International Labour Women's Day – this is also a result of women's
movement and declaration of 1910 March 8 International Conference in Copenhagen.

In Nepal, Janjati women's situations are better than Brahman, Chhetri women. Though Nepali
women face the different problems - violence, torture by blaming witch, killing for Dahej and
being a baby girl, harassments, rape, trafficking, child marriage, discriminations etc.

The word 'widow' emerged after the elimination of sati system in Nepal. Presently we address
them as single women (SW). The connotation of single women is living by her or alone in the
life without husband. The concept of using the phrase 'single women' instead of 'widow'
introduced and passed a national declaration by Women in Human Rights, Single Women
Group (WHR).

Read detail in the link below
http://www.socialinclusion.org.np/new/files/Laxmi%20Shova%20Shakya_1365493055dWdc.pdf

Challenges of the Election

Rf'gfp r'gf}lt

Kff6gdf laxfg} k"hfug{ cfpg] Ps cwa}+;] dlxnfn] elgg\ æb'O{j6f ef]6 xfNg'k5{ eGof], s;/L xfNg] yfxf 5}g .Æ r'gfp d'v}df cfO;s]sf] a]nf dtbftfaf6 o:tf s'/f cfpg' r'gfpsfnflu r'gf}lt xf] . pkTosfsf dtbftf klt cgle1 5g\ eg] b'u{d ufpFdf s:tf] xf]nf < lgjf{rg cfof]un] s]xL dlxgfotf ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{qmdsf cnfjf /fhgLlts kf6L{sf sfo{stf{n] klg dtbfg k|s[of s]–s:tf], s;/L ef]6 v;fNg] eGg]af/] l;sfpg] tkm{ a9L kxn ug]{ xf] eg] ab/ dtsf] ;+Vof 36fpgdf ;3fp k'Ug] x'G5 .

;lhn} kx'Fr ePsf] zx/ tyf d"Vo ahf/lt/ t lgjf{rg cfof]usf] 3/b}nf] sfo{qmdsf] cnfjf ljleGg u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfåf/f cfof]lht ;8s gf6s, bf]xf]/L uLt sfo{qmd k|:t't eP . kqklqsfdf cfPsf ;"rgf / kf6L{sf krf{sf ;fy} 6LeL, Pkm=Pd=df l5g l5gdf k|;f/0f x'g] lgjf{rg ;"rgfn] klg zx/lt/ cfpFbf] lgjf{rgsf] rxnkxn af/] ;"lrt ub{5 . k9\g ghfGg]n] klg x]/]/} a'em\g ;S5g\ . t/ of] t e|d dfq xf] ls < lsgeg] olt w]/} k|of; ubf{ klg dtbftfn] cem} s;/L dtkqdf 5fk xfGg] eGg] lh1f;f /fv]sf] kfOof] . o;n]] r'gfpsf] glthf cfpFbf ;b/ dtdf 7"nf] k|ZglrGx v8f u5{ .

cem b'u{d If]qsf] t s'/} 5f]8f}+ . w]/}h;f] ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf] sfo{qmd ;'ljwfo'Qm 7fpFdf rnfpFbf /x]5g\ . t/ hxfF k'Ug sl7gfO x'g], aQL, 6]lnkmf]g, 6LeLsf] c;'ljwf x'g] 7fpFsf dtbftfn] Pkm Pd klg ;'Gg kfpFb}gg\, km';{b klg x'Fb}g To:tf 7fpFdf r'gfp lzIffaf/] ;dod} rf;f] lbg'kYof]{ .

zx/leq ;8s gf6såf/f r'gfpaf/] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] kfOG5 . t/ zx/af6 sl/a ^ 306fsf] df]6/ ofqf u/]/ Ps ;ftfcufl8 7"nf b'n'{Ë k'Ubf ToxfFsf afl;Gbfn] klxnf] k6s l8o" g]kfnsf] cfof]hgfdf ePsf] r'gfp;DaGwL gf6s Pj+ dgf]/~hgfTds sfo{qmdaf6 cfkm"x¿ v';L ePsf] atfP . pgLx¿sf] v';Ln] xfdLnfO{ klg cfgGb dx;'; eof] . pkTosfsf o:tf ljs6 7fpFdf nlIft u/]/ sfo{qmd sd} x'G5g\ eg]sf] ;'Gbf eg] b'Mv nfUof] . x'g t ToxfF glhs} kf6L{sf] ;ef e}/x]sf] kfOof] . kf6L{sf] 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd egL ;// 3'd]/ gd:t] dfq u/]/ kms{+b}df ;fwf/0f dtbftfn] s'gkf6L{df ef]6 v;fNg] eGg] lg0f{o t ufnf{ t/ s;/L ef]6 v;fNg] eGg] ga'em]sf] x'g;S5 . o;tkm{ bnx¿n] ;hutf ckgfPsf] kfOPg . l8o" g]kfnn] nlntk'/sf $! Jf6} uflj;df / zx/sf nlIft j:tLdf klg lgjf{rg lzIff sfo{qmd rnfof], t/ oltn] dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . cem} klg w]/}h;f] j[4 tyf lg/If/ dtbftf b'O6f ef]6 s;/L xfNg] eGg]df cgle1 g} 5g\ .

b'O{6f ef]6 xfNg'k5{ eg]/ Pp6} dtkqdf b'O6f 5fk nufOlbof] eg] Toqf] d]xgt ;a} v]/ hfG5 . kfl6{x¿n] klg 3/3/df uP/ 5fk s;/L nufpg] xf], s:tf] ktkq x'G5 eGg] s'/f l;sfPsf] kfOPg . lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfo{qmdn] dfq ;a} If]qnfO{ 5'g ;Sb}g . ;~rf/ ;fwgsf] kx'Fr gePsf dtbftfsf] ef]6sf] lsg dxTj lbOFb}g <

Toqf] kxn, vr{sf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg x'g] r'gfpdf v:g] dt ztk|ltzt ;b/ xf];\ eGg] tkm{ ;/f]sf/jfnfn] ;dod} Wofg lbg'kYof]{, k5{ . cfhsf] hdfgfdf klg pkTosfnfO{ dfq} g]kfn b]Vg' lj8Dagf dfGg'k5{ . ;a} h;f] If]qsf dtbftf sfd, cWoog jf cGo cj;/sf nflu sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf g} a:g] u/]sf 5g\ . w]/}h;f]sf] a;fO{+;/fO{ gx'Fbf cfkm\gf] ufpFdf uP/ ef]6 xfNg hfg] cfsf]{ ;d:of v8f ePsf] kfOof] .

r'gfp ;kmn agfpg tLg lbgsf] ljbfsf] 3f]if0ff t ul/of] t/ 6f9f6f9f cfkm\gf] ufpF;Dd hfg nfUg] cft]hft] vr{ s;n] a]xf]g]{ < dtbftf k|Zg u5{g\ . vf]6fËaf6 kf6g cfP/ a;]sf Ps dtbftf eG5g\ Psk6s 3/ hfg / cfpg sDtLdf !) xhf/ nfU5, cfkm";Fu Tof]] 5}g t . vr{ a]xf]g]{ x}l;ot pDd]bjf/sf] klg gePkl5 ef]6 xfNg] OR5fnfO{ bafpg'sf] lasNk s] t < ef]6 xfNg 3/ hfg] OR5f x'Fbfx'Fb} 3/hfg cfly{s ef/n] 5]s]sf] pgsf] egfO 5 . cem dlxnfx¿sf] t csf]{ yk ;d:of 5 . aRrfaRrL 5f]8]/ hfg ldn]g . clxn]sf] jftfj/0fdf aRrf lnP/ Tolt nfdf] af6f] clg Tolt w]/} k};f vr{ u/]/ ef]6 v;fNgs} nflu dfq hfgsf nflu dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd n]vfPsf dlxnf klg tof/ gx'g' cfpFbf] r'gfjsf] r'gf}lt x'g\ .

zf]ef zfSo

-n]vs l8o" g]kfn, nlntk'/df cfa4 l5g\ ._

shakya_shova1@hotmail.com

-of] n]v cGgk"0f{ kf]i6 @)&) d+l;/ # ;f]djf/ k[i7 ^ -gf]j]Dj/ !*, @)!#_ df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] ._